Commissioning pneumatic trainer system Literature review

Charging pneumatic coach framework - Literature audit Example Pneumatics is characterized as the investigation of gases and air and the connection between their volume, temperature and weight (Venkannah, 2006). Pneumatics as an order manages the mechanical properties of gases, for example weight and thickness, and the utilization of these standards to take care of different designing issues utilizing of compacted gas as the principle wellspring of intensity (Beater, 2007). The compacted gas that is most generally utilized is air, and it ordinarily contains vitality put away in a possible state. At the point when the compacted air grows, working vitality is delivered as active vitality and weight (Beater, 2007). 1.1.2 Hardware Pneumatic frameworks can be separated into a few levels speaking to the equipment parts and the sign stream as demonstrated as follows (Venkannah, 2006). The significant parts of a pneumatic framework are; Compressor Check valve Accumulator Directional valve Actuator The gathering of an essential pneumatic framework is as demonstrated as follows. Key: A. Air Compressor B. Check Valve C. Gatherer D. Directional Valve E. Actuator coming up next are talked about beneath. A. Blower The air blower unit is driven by an engine, and it goes about as the wellspring of air for the entire framework (Dale and Fardo, 2009). It expands the weight of air by compacting it in order to diminish its volume. This unit utilizes electrical capacity to create mechanical power through the revolution of an engine. When the air is packed, it is put away in a getting tank. The packed air is then scattered to the additional pieces of the framework at a high weight when required (Dale and Fardo, 2009). Pneumatic frameworks should likewise be outfitted with air preparing segments that will condition the air before it is utilized. The molding includes sifting, directing the temperature and oil (Dale and Fardo, 2009). These three sub units can be offered as one set known as the FRL Unit (Soundara, 2007). Channel unit It channels an y outside particles that might be contained in the compacted air. In any case, the size of the molecule that can be separated relies upon the kind of channel utilized (Mitchell, 2000). Controller unit It is utilized to maintain the ideal strain to the system’s control and utilization unit. Greasing up unit The lubricator supplies the compacted air with a film of oil and guarantees that the air conveys oil to the inside pieces of both the control valves and the chamber. Nonetheless, the use of lubricators is getting less mainstream since these days makers are making valves that don't require oil (Soundara, 2007). The channel and the controller can be joined and utilized as a solitary or as individual units. B. Check valves These are one way valves that permit pressurized air to enter the pneumatic framework and simultaneously forestalling reverse of the pressurized air to the blower thus forestalling loss of weight. They help keep the pressurized sealed until it is discharged either physically or electrically after it arrives at a specific measure of weight. C. Aggregator It stores packed air and forestalls any floods that may happen because of weight. It typically has a bigger volume than the air blower. The huge volume is of extraordinary noteworthiness as it hoses the throbs of weight just as fill in as a save to gracefully both huge and brief volumes of air on request. Collectors additionally go about as a mechanism for

MACRO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Large scale - Essay Example It will likewise viewed as about the different issues and provokes identified with monetary development, joblessness, swelling, and the equalization of installment and the swapping scale Monetary development is regularly characterized as the expansion in the market an incentive to the amount of products and ventures delivered by the economy over the timeframe. Financial development can be estimated as far as the expansion in the per capita (GDP) (The Saylor Foundation, 2014). Likewise, the GDP development pace of the UK has been recognized to show steady variance. The UK economy is found out to look with solid headwinds and difficulties. Logically, the languid advancement of the worldwide economy alongside vulnerability identified with euro zone is recognized to produce impressive headwinds for the nation’s economy. Yield of the economy has stayed level throughout the previous two years exhibiting 3% lower than it was at top. In addition, private utilization is distinguished to limit especially because of lessening genuine discretionary cashflow, preparatory sparing, tight access to credit and deleveraging. Moreover, private speculation is additionally found o ut to be experiencing declining interest for merchandise and enterprises, expanded vulnerability and unbending money related conditions. The drowsy development experienced by the exchanging accomplices especially in Europe has disintegrated the expectations of fast recuperation from the difficulties looked by the economy. Declining non-value seriousness and the constrained piece of the pie held by the UK in the developing markets of the world has additionally hampered the pace of fare development. Strikingly, high family obligation, nearby restricted access to contracts is figured to have nonstop effect on the private speculation (Wehinger, 2011). As per Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), GDP development pace of the economy is relied upon to be brought by 2.7 % up in the year 2014. The OBR has cautioned about the expectation

True Story Great Nonfiction In Audio

True Story Great Nonfiction In Audio This look at great nonfiction audiobooks is sponsored by  HMH Books and Media.   The best-selling author of How Children Succeed returns with a powerful, mind-changing inquiry into higher education in the United States “Gorgeously reported. Vividly written. Utterly lucid. Paul Tough jumps skillfully between deeply engaging personal narratives and the bigger truths of higher education.” â€"Ira Glass, host, This American Life I discovered audiobooks almost accidentally, as my love and curiosity for radio drama grew. Radio drama taught me to listen without being disturbed by outside distractions, so by the time I picked up audiobooks I was ready for them. Because I find myself unable to read nonfiction  for some reason, audiobooks are a fantastic tool for me, and they mean much more than just pure entertainment: they allow me to read things I wouldn’t pick up in print. Across the years I have been looking for great nonfiction in audio, in an effort to help while the time away on my commute to work, or while doing chores around the house. I believe I can assuredly say that I have found a few. Here is a list of great nonfiction books that I have gathered for you, from memoirs to science, feminism, religion, and even a few writing tips and funny stories. How To Be Champion by Sarah Millican I love Sarah Millican. If you are looking for new comedians to follow after the big #metoo scandal, Sarah is a safe bet: she’s quirky, her humor is self-deprecating, and the stories she brings on stage are as much relatable as they are true. Her memoir is one of growing up and trying to figure life out (as we all do), told in the same fun and honest way that Millican delivers her comedy lines. I laughed, I cried, and I’ve learned that investing in what you love, either as a hobby or as an actual job, will lead you to where you need to be.   Becoming by Michelle Obama I’m far from believing that anyone in a position of power is perfect in their actions, but as an European on the outside looking into America, Michelle Obama seems too good to be true: kind, worried about issues that matter, using her own role as First Lady to leave something good behind.   I had just read her memoir when I discovered she was coming to Amsterdam. I was too late to get tickets, but the impression her book left on me made up for that; it shows a person who never had any political aspirations, and yet, when put in a political setting, did her best to use that for good.   In the book, Michelle talks about more than just her role as First Lady: she digs into her childhood, her career aspirations growing up, and youll find that reading about her college years is a treat.   Born A Crime by Trevor Noah Now, this book has been out since 2016, but it’s too good not to be included on this list.   It is a well-known story  that Trevor became a stand-up comedian by chance, but I think its safe to claim that it was by destiny. He is a fantastic storyteller, and you will laugh out loud at unexpected times.   One of the funniest books I’ve read, Trevor turns absolutely horrific stories into a comedy show. In the book he explains how it felt growing up in South Africa during apartheid, born to a black mum and a white dad. Every Tools A Hammer by Adam Savage Savage’s obsession with building things is inspiring and in this book, more than telling us his life story, he teaches us how to start building too. Alongside his love for cosplay, he tells the story of how he grew up to become a builder, and how he ended up being a part of Mythbusters. If you are a building nerd, you are in for a few interesting pages, and there’s even a whole chapter dedicated to Savage’s favourite types of glue. Which you can skip, if it’s not your cup of tea; you will find that the book is still a worthy and inspiring listen.   Hunger: A Memoir Of My Body by Roxane Gay The first book I read by Roxane Gay was Bad Feminist, an essay on both feminism and race, and when I was done with it I immediately picked up Hunger.   I don’t know one single woman who hasn’t dealt with the weight of their own body, and how others perceive it and want us to perceive it. Some men might grow up with family and strangers alike thinking they have a right to talk about how they look, but I’d risk that this is a problem which afflicts all women, either the talk is positive, or negative.   Hunger talks about that, and more; it’s a powerful memoir, and essay, on body image, body acceptance, and how the world is made up for certain sizes.   We Should All Be Feminists  by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie This is a short essay that you can listen to in about an hour, and it describes how Adichie stumbled upon feminism. Still a child, she was called a feminist by a friend, and when she got home and checked its definition, she did not understand why it had been thrown at her by her friend as if it was an insult.   It’s a powerful story, which will make you laugh, and feel outrageous, and will warm your heart in the best ways. It’s a lesson on feminism and why we should all aim to be feminists.   The Naked Truth: A Memoir by Leslie Morgan This is both a memoir and a sex diary, written by a woman after a difficult divorce. It is also a true story.   After divorcing her husband of 20 years, now close to reaching her 50s, Morgan decides she is going to have only physical no-strings-attached relationships for a year, in a way to reevaluate herself and her life.   She is a writer, so she decides to document her experiences and emotions during this year.   Although the moral of the book will depend on your own view of all the shenanigans described by Morgan, this is a very entertaining listen which certainly spiced up my commute.   On Writing: A Memoir Of The Craft by Stephen King I felt the need to add something for those who like to write and would appreciate no-genre tips from the master of horror.   More than a book on writing, this is also a memoir of King’s life, and he entangles both things in a very interesting way.   He points out his many rejections, his achievements, and it is an inspiring read for writers and readers alike. Whether you like Kings books or youre just looking for tips from someone who made it in the craft of writing, this is an essential book.   Educated by Tara Westover This was possibly the best book I’ve listened to this year. Being raised Catholic in a family who didnt exactly follow the rules of the Bible to the core, I distanced myself more and more from religion as I grew up. Ive realized that while I know very little about my own religion, I know even less about other religions and those who follow them.   Tara Westover was raised in a strict Mormon family, and this is her own story of growing up in a strict and even sadistic environment until she eventually found a way out of its confines.   This book will shock you, maybe even enrage you, but it’s a powerfully told story, and I couldn’t recommend it more, especially for those who have questioned the religion imposed on them from birth and would like to listen about a similar experience.  . The Witchcraft Of Salem Village by Shirley Jackson I had heard tales and rumors about the witches of Salem, but I had never heard their complete story. In this book, Jackson explains how a few girls in the small village of Salem make the whole village believe that witchcraft is real, and how these trials were so unfairly taken without little more than word of mouth, and prejudice against certain women.   It’s an enthralling tale, and we may try to figure out how it was possible that such an unfair trial took place, knowing well enough that even nowadays unfair trials are carried solely based on the hate the world unreasonably has for women.   When The Air Hits Your Brain: Tales Of Neurosurgery by Frank T. Vertosick Jr.   This is one of my most favourite audiobooks out there. I have recommended it to people who like life stories and science alike. Although I have seen When Breath Becomes Air  by Paul Kalanithi being recommended countless times, this audiobook, while slightly similar in theme, presents a more interesting approach: not only is it part memoir, a lot of it is hospital tales from the neurosurgery ward, making it a bit less personal in what relates to the author and a little more technical, without forgetting the human side present in any hospital.   Youll learn loads of details about the neurosurgery ward, and about your own brain. Super interesting listen. All That Remains: A Life In Death by Sue Black If you like science, and if you are particularly interested in death from a scientific, pragmatic point of view, this is the book for you.   Black, a forensic anthropologist, has written a detailed book which covers one of the things most people fear: death. In it, with a certain amount of humour, and by putting all the facts she has learned in her career on the table, the author takes us with her in a vey interesting journey. Probably not for the faint of heart, but certainly for those who wish to understand death better.   The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming  by David Wallace-Wells Those who worry about the future of planet Earth and shouldnt we all worry? will not find solace between these pages.   This book analyses, without sugarcoating, the impact global warming is going to have on earth in the near future, while also pondering on how this will affect our politics, and our history.   It’s more actual than ever.    Why We Sleep: Unlocking The Power Of Sleep And Dreams by Matthew Walker It’s worrying how much we tend to disregard our need for sleep. Up until recently, there was no exact explanation of why we sleep, but this book finally brings forward the hows and whys, and how important sleep is to humans. It is the result of a lifetimes scientific research.   Especially if you are someone whose motto in life is “I’ll sleep when I die”, this a read well-worth the time: dying might be closer than you think if sleeping is something you disregard.   Want more? Here are 50 of the best nonfiction audiobooks and a look at some excellent must-read short nonfiction audiobooks. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world.

Globalization And Terms Of International Business

What is globalization in terms of international business? Give a practical example using class source. Answer: Globalisation refers to the integration of world economy into a single economy. For example product, services, culture, communication etc. In the current business era the word Global Village is much highlighted, it is only because of the Globalisation. Globalisation not only increased the flow of international business but also has great impact on cultural change. International business refers to all the transactions which take place between two or more countries across borders. Private firms do the transaction for profit motives and to extend the operation area of their organisation. In last 20 years the growth of international business increased enormously and still the rate of percent of increment is on the peak (Coldwell, D.A.L, 2008). Example- Here we are taking a particle example of a Mobile phones company. A mobile company needs many kind of different parts to manufacture the final phone and some of the parts it manufactures by itself where as some it outsource to other manufacturing company. Taking the advantage of Globalisation it could compare the different parts prices with different countries and could import the cheapest product, by this way company can enjoy the more profit and even after collecting all the required parts it could choose the country where the assembling of mobile phone is cheapest. If we see the current scenario and all currentShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages............3 What is Globalization....................................................4 The engines for Globalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a differentRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreThe Importance of Understanding Cultural Differences in International Business Communications950 Words   |  4 Pages Due to globalization, organizations rely on international transactions to take place to keep their business running. Even with knowledge of how important international interactions are for their companies’ success, miscommunication occurs and someone involved in the transaction is left scratching his or her head. This is a result of the lack of cultural training and understanding. This paper will discuss the different implications that have been discussed in the international business world. ThisRead MorePolitical Factors That Affect International Business1020 Words   |  5 Pagesin overseas markets there is often a risk, the risk is referred to as political environment risk, and these factors can facilitate or hinder business operation. Some of the political factors that affect international business include† (Justin Ervin. Zachary Smith A.2008). One significant political environmental factor that influences international business operation is trade agreements. Countries frequently enter into trade treaties to further facilitate trade between themselves. Case in pointRead MoreInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business compares all commercial transactions like private and government, investments and sales and transportation which take place between two or more regions , nations and countries beyond their political boundries.simply international business is exchange of goods and services among business and individual in multiple countries. International business such as an essential subject for students around the world because international business is vital ingredient in entrepreneurshipRead MoreGlobalization of Supply Chain Management1422 Words   |  6 PagesConclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunitiesRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business900 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement in the globalization of business. The multinational corporation The impact of globalization on international business International business refers to a wide range of business activities undertaken across national borders. Along with rapidly increasing globalization, international business has become a popular topic and has drawn the attention of business executives, government officials and academics. International business is different from domestic business. At the international level, theRead MoreWhy The Economic Liberalization Is Regarded As A Second Step Towards Facilitating Globalization1478 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is the process of integrating various economies of world without creating any hindrances in the flow of goods and services, technology, capital, and even labor or human capit al. The term globalization means to permit the free flow of goods and services in the world. To create an environment in which free flow of capital can take place among nation states, an environment permitting free flow of technology and from the point of view of developing countries, creation of environment inRead MoreGlobalization: Its Effects Key Drivers and Supporting Theories695 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization: Its Effects, Key Drivers and Supporting Theories Globalization according to Johnson (2009) can be defined in several ways and hence the term cannot be said to have an assigned definition. In this text, the definition that will be adopted was the one given approximately 15 years ago by the World Economic Outlook in which case globalization according to Johnson (2009) was termed: the growing interdependence of countries world-wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-borderRead MoreGlobalization And Globalization1050 Words   |  5 PagesJane Ogagan International Political Science for Public Health Practitioners Seminar Course: 221.614.01 CLASS PAPER Topic Choice 18: â€Å"On balance, globalization expands rather than contracts opportunities for economic prosperity around the world.† Why do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please support your answer with appropriate examples. Globalization has impacted almost every part of the modern world; it can be characterized by economic, political, and cultural integration. Economic

Unemployment Rate Refers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 773 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Economics Essay Level High school Tags: Macroeconomics Essay Did you like this example? Unemployment rate refers to the percentage of people in a nation with the total labor force but unable to secure jobs. In most cases, people are considered unemployed if they currently are not able to get jobs despite the fact that they are willing and able to work. This limits most people in acquiring their human wants effectively, because they are not able to afford them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Unemployment Rate Refers" essay for you Create order Unemployment has been a major tragedy in USA and other western countries the governments of these nations have tried to address this issue in various ways to ensure that people are able to secure jobs to in private and public sectors. In USA unemployment rate has emerged in a situation where the economy has grown slowly, the economy begins to contraction or recessionary. This makes the sales of various products to declines which in turn leads to the decline of business and a slow growth rate of GDP. It has also been discovered that unemployment in the USA other countries unemployment occurs due to the instability of the state due to the fluctuation of its currencies and changes in the economy in general. When the GDP of the country is affected in most cases it creates unemployment in the country this can also lead to an economic slowdown. The recession of the economy has also been the major causes of unemployment in the USA this is because during this business cycle there is a lot of contraction in the business. In this because during this period many businesses do not operate well which leads to unemployment for the citizens of the country. If this condition of recession is prolonged it may cause a sharp decline in economic activities leading to a depression that in turn lead to lack of jobs to many people who are in the age bracket of seeking employment. Labor participation rate refers to the population that is in the action in the job industry. This includes the section of people who are active between the age of 16-64. This contains the major section of the population that is able to work and earn for their living participatory. Labor participatory in the USA has not been so effective this is because of inadequate opportunities that are available in the job market. This may lead to the labor to as the section of working population in the age group of 16-64 in the economy currently employed or seeking employment. People who are still undergoing studies, housewives, and persons above the age of 64 are not reckoned in the labor force. The unemployment rate is usually used as the economic metrics to gauge the health of the U.S. job market. On the hand, the participation rate measures the percentage of Americans people who are in the labor force. The unemployment rate measures the percentage within the labor force thats currently without a job. In the USA the labor participator rate is low comparing to the population that is in the county this leads to unemployment in the country. Governments in most cases strive to ensure that there is a high labor participatory rate in the country. Labor participatory has been taken seriously in the USA, people have been advised to be involved in the job market so that they ensure reduced cases of unemployment in the country. This can be done both in public and private sectors. The rate of labor participatory in the market determines the level of unemployment. For instance, when the rate of labor participatory in the job market is high there are low cases of unemployment hence the government sensitizes people in the involvement of labor task forces to reduce the cases of unemployment. Reduced unemployment may contribute to the growth of the GDP of the county. In this case study the published unemployment rate actually misleads vis-a-vis economic conditions because it tries to give various ways of encountering with unemployment which is not addressing the issue in the right way this has a continuous long-term effect in the country because the issue of unemployment affect the whole country due to the fact that it tampers with the GDP of the nation. Unemployment has got also the negative effect on the economic prosperity of the nation this is because when many people are unemployed they involve in social misfit activities such as theft this may affect the country negatively. References Gwartney, J.D., Stroup, R. L., Sobel, R. S., Macpherson, D.A. (2014). Macroeconomics: private and public choice (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Guilford, G. (2018, June 7). Americans need to stop obsessing over the unemployment rate. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1297561/the-dazzling-us-unemployment-rate-is-blinding-americans-to-a-much-darker-reality/

Chapter 5 quiz Free Essays

Chapter 5 Quiz Free Essays Chapter 5 Quiz Free Essays Many of the institutions and customs that emerged in east Asia during this era persisted until the twentieth century or even the present. Why do you think this is so? Why does there seem to be more continuity in east Asian history than in other parts of the world? Patriarchal Family. Nomadic Threats. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mandate of Heaven. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a form of writing that is pictographic and ideographic (like Chinese) versus one that is alphabetic? Advantages: A single characater can mean an entire phrase or can have multiple meanings. If you are fluent in the meanings, then it is easier to read and ideas can be connected together more quickly. If the pictographs represent everyday things that everybody knows, it may be easier to learn to understand the language on the more basic level. Disadvantages: It could take a very long time to learn it all. For example, it could take a very long time to learn all the letters that represent one idea or thought. It has a wider interpretation, something may mean one thing to a person and slightly different to another. For example, a letter could represent a cat , could be seen as a panther to somebody else. 3. How do early east Asian religious beliefs and practices differ from those of the other early cultures you have studied so far? What do these differences imply about the societies’ structures and their most important values? East Asia did not have a main or official type of a religion. They only followed the rule of the Mandate of Heaven. A leader is chosen by heavenly powers to govern within his realm. If the ruler was successful in his duties then the heavenly powers would rejoice. If the ruler failed then the heavenly powers would withdraw a mandate to rule and a better deserving person will take that rulers place. The peoplel of east asia did not worship one certain deity at all unlike the other socieites . They also believed in the veneration of their ancestors. People believed that with doing good deeds and having great virtue throughout the family, then the ancestors will lead them to propser when they meet their ancestors. The region of Mesopotamia was under the belief of polytheism or many gods. Egypt was under the belief of many gods but mainly environmental gods, such as Ra the sun god, and the afterlife. How to cite Chapter 5 Quiz, Papers

Wide sargasso sea free essay sample

Critical approaches to Wide Sargasso Sea Ð’Â » Contemporary critical assessments Modernist approachesFeminist approachespsychoanalytlcal criticismpost-colonlal approacheschallenglng European cultural supremacyA revised perspectlvepost- colonial approaches and ChristophlneHlstorlclst approaches Modernist approaches These tend to avoid racial and political commentary on the novel. They focus instead on such aspects of form as: Jean Rhys pared down style Her interest in representing the inner life and fragmented identities of her characters via stream of consciousness Her use of multiple narratives Wide Sargasso Sea presents a challenge to these approaches. Although the novel retains Rhys characteristic style, it is not set In an early twentieth century urban world but a century earlier in the Caribbean. The novel also has links with earlier, non-Modernlst kinds of writing like the Gothic. Feminist approaches An approach through the novels treatment of female experience Is a standard critical perspective. The novel was published as the second wave of the fernlnlst movement was getting under way in the 1960s, so that many of its early (and later) readers had a particular interest in examining literary texts from this perspective. Jane Eyre, too, has been the focus for feminist approaches. One of the most famous was by two American academics, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. In 1979 they published The Madwoman in the Attic; the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. In this study, they took Bertha Mason as a symbolic figure, one who represents the way in which womens voices were silenced or suppressed in nineteenth century society and the way In which that affected literary texts. Wide Sargasso Sea can be seen as another, fictional, treatment of the same theme. For more Information on this, see the Texts In detail Jane Eyre Critical ttitudes to Jane Eyre Feminist criticism and literary history. Feminist literary criticism is broadly based and makes use of a range of other critical perspectives. One frequent adoption is to make use of psychoanalytical criticism, particularly in relation to female characters. Psychoanalytical criticism This approach is derived from the ideas of Sigmund Freud and uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis to interpret literature. Critics might consider the way in which the unconscious aspects of a characters mind are represented or the degree to which a character has repressed experience. Like Freud and Carl Jung, they may also investigate the significance of dreams, fairy tales and myths as ways of accessing the unconscious. A good example of a critic making use of this approach for feminist purposes can be found In Elizabeth Baers The Sisterhood of Jane Eyre and Antoinette Cosway from a collection of essays called The Voyage In; Fictions of Female Development published In 1983. The second dream/chapter In Antoinettes Ilfe/novel occurs during her stay at the Mount Calvary convent: again the dream is triggered by strangers. Her stepTatner nas vlsltea ner ana announced ls Intentlon to wltnaraw her from the convent and introduce her to some English friends. He refers of course, to Rochester. Although Antoinette cannot consciously or rationally know what her fate will be as a result of this meeting, she has a strong sense of foreboding this dream, far more concrete and threatening than the first, warns of the quickening approach of Rochester. It revises the fairy tale marriage and honeymoon of Antoinette and Rochester, revealing the brides sexual initiation to be a loss of power and control. The sudden transformation, a commonplace in fairy tales, turns he natural forest into a cultivated garden: her marriage is a trap, an imprisonment. Ultimately it is a descent into madness. Post-colonial approaches Challenging European cultural supremacy One important strand within post-colonial approaches concerns their challenge to classic Western and European literary texts. They object to the way in which such texts claim a universal significance on the grounds that they are great works of art and have value in all cultures and for all times. Post-colonial critics analyse such text s and identify where white, Western values are being promoted at the expense of other ultures and the way in which these other cultures are marginalised. This approach is also concerned with the way in which Western cultures construct Non-western cultures as the Other. In Western literary texts, this can result in colonial territories being represented in contradictory ways: As decadent and lazy As exotic and seductive. A revised perspective Post-colonial criticism emerges in parallel with new writings from former colonies. In these writings, the authors tell the story of colonisation from the perspective of their people. They Write back to challenge and revise the colonial version of their history nd experience. Wide Sargasso Sea is one of the best known of such writings and it has been the subject of a good deal of scrutiny from a post-colonial perspective. However, the author and the novel pose a challenge to this approach. Jean Rhys white Creole background has meant that some critics were reluctant to include her in a distinctively Caribbean literary tradition because she was a white woman from a formerly slave owning family and she had spent a long exile in Europe The racial divisions in the novel are not clear-cut. Antoinette herself identifies with black characters, like Christophine and Tia. Rochesters Englishness also comes under unfavourable scrutiny in Part two of the novel. Post-colonial approaches and Christophine Several post-colonial analyses of the novel focus on the figure of Christophine and the complex role she has in the novel. One of the best-known is by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, published in 1985: Christophine is the first interpreter and named speaking subject in the text. The Jamaican ladies had never approved of my mother, because she pretty like pretty self Christophine had said, we read in the books opening paragraph. I have taught this book five times [but] it is part of the olitical argument I am making that all these students blithely stepped over this paragraph without asking or knowing what Christophines patois, so-called incorrect English, might mean. cnrlstopnlne Is, 0T course, a comm001Tlea person. sne was your Tatners weaalng present to me explains Antoinettes mo ther, one of his presents. Yet Rhys assigns her some crucial functions in the text. It is Christophine who Judges that black ritual practices are culture-specific and cannot be used by whites as cheap remedies for social evils, such as Rochesters lack of love for Antoinette. Most important, it is Christophine alone whom Rhys allows to offer a hard analysis of Rochesters actions, to challenge him in a face-to-face encounter Her analysis is powerful enough for the white man to be afraid: l no longer felt dazed, tired, half-hypnotised, but alert and wary, ready to defend myself. On the other hand, post-colonial critics have pointed out that Christophines characterisation is very stereotyped. Spivak herself dealt with this issue and it has been taken up by other critics. In 1993, Maria Olaussen connected Christophine to the stereotype of the black mammy, a nurturing lack servant fgure found in many novels and films: Christophines most important function as a powerful protector and nursing mother-figure is introduced against the backdrop of the information that she was a wedding gift. The life of the white family is now in the hands of a person who was once their property When her own mother pushes her away and finds her useless, Antoinette turns to Christophine for the mothering she needs. It is Antoinette who finds Christophine useful Antoinettes mother, the white lady, develops only her feminine qualities in spite of their distressing situation. These qualities, such as beauty, fragility, dependence, and passivity make it impossible for her to change actively their situation. They make her unable to care for her daughter or to perform the most necessary household tasks. Antoinettes mother concentrates her energies on survival in a feminine way in that she does everything to get a new husband Christophines function in the novel has to be understood within the overall context of the white womans tale. Historicist approaches Wide Sargasso Sea is an historical novel and historicist critics have been interested in Jean Rhys choice of the post-slavery period in the Caribbean as the historical setting for her story. They have examined ways in which Rhys own identity as a white Creole was shaped by this history and why she identified this period as a crucial one in the history of racial division in the Caribbean. Maggie Humm, writing in 1991, examined the British post-war context in which Rhys was rewriting and revising the manuscript of Wide Sargasso Sea. The 1950s and 60s were decades in which there was considerable immigration from the Caribbean into Britain. A process of colonisation n reverse was in progress. This new cultural situation conditioned, she argues, not only Jean Rhys writing of the novel but also its reception by readers and critics. Humm also makes a case for the text as conditioned by Rhys and her husbands frail health in these years. She says that Jean Rhys was ambivalent and sometimes even hostile about receiving care from black nurses in hospital. However, in her characterisation of Christophine in Wide Sargasso Sea, she was able to resolve these tensions in a nurturing fgure who countered the racism at work in the wider British culture and within Rhys herself.